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Author: Adlai Bishay
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1468430211
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 423
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Book Description
If an ion in a crystal is replaced by an impurity ion with a different charge, compensation for the charge difference must be accomplished. This is usually done by an intrinsic defect, i. e. a lattice vacancy or interstitial host ion, in such a way to balance the excess or deficit of charge. The introduction of cation vacan cies along with divalent cation impurities in alkali halides is a familiar example. If these crystals are carefully annealed, nearly all of the compensating defects migrate to the impurity ions to form impurity-defect complexes. It is the behavior of these complexes that are the principal concern in this paper. Almost invariably such complexes are dipolar in character, and when subjected to an electric or mechanical stress field, they will tend to realign to an orienta tion of lower energy provided the thermal activation is sufficiently great. If the complex consists of an impurity-vacancy couple, re orientation may occur either by the vacancy moving around the impu rity or by an exchange of positions of the partners. In general the activation energy for these two distinct reorientation paths is different. If the complex consists of an impurity-interstitial couple, interchange of positions is unlikely and reorientation is considered to occur exclusively by the motion of the interstitial around the vacancy.
Author: Adlai Bishay
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1468430211
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 423
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Book Description
If an ion in a crystal is replaced by an impurity ion with a different charge, compensation for the charge difference must be accomplished. This is usually done by an intrinsic defect, i. e. a lattice vacancy or interstitial host ion, in such a way to balance the excess or deficit of charge. The introduction of cation vacan cies along with divalent cation impurities in alkali halides is a familiar example. If these crystals are carefully annealed, nearly all of the compensating defects migrate to the impurity ions to form impurity-defect complexes. It is the behavior of these complexes that are the principal concern in this paper. Almost invariably such complexes are dipolar in character, and when subjected to an electric or mechanical stress field, they will tend to realign to an orienta tion of lower energy provided the thermal activation is sufficiently great. If the complex consists of an impurity-vacancy couple, re orientation may occur either by the vacancy moving around the impu rity or by an exchange of positions of the partners. In general the activation energy for these two distinct reorientation paths is different. If the complex consists of an impurity-interstitial couple, interchange of positions is unlikely and reorientation is considered to occur exclusively by the motion of the interstitial around the vacancy.
Author: Adli Bishay
Publisher: Springer
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 416
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030916804X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
The report assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with materials science and identifies challenges for research. Recent advances are blurring the distinction between chemistry and materials science and are enabling the creation of new materials that, to date, have only been predicted by theory. These advances include a greater ability to construct materials from molecular components, to design materials for a desired function, to understand molecular "self-assembly, and to improve processes by which the material is "engineered" into the final product.
Author: C. Claeys
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0444518266
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 946
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Book Description
Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Zeolites and Related Materials is a collection of oral and poster communications, presented during the 14th International Zeolite Conference (IZC). The conference was hosted by the Catalysis Society of South Africa. In the tradition of the IZC series, this Conference provides a forum for the presentation of new knowledge in the science and technology of zeolites and related materials. Papers presented cover a wide range of topics that include synthesis, structure determination, characterisation, modelling, and catalysis. This highly visual book is a must for readers looking to stay up-to-date on zeolite science. * This three-part volume provides valuable information on zeolites and related materials* Includes papers that cover topics such as structure determination, modelling and separation processes* Contains new and exciting developments in the field
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309087007
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 660
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Book Description
In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century.
Author: Adlai Bishay
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781461345404
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 450
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Book Description
It is generally accepted that. fused BZ03 is composed of B0 3 triangles. These triangles are joined togetner randomly, forming l the glass network. I.R. studies and x-ray diffraction studies on pure BZ03 glass indicated clearly that these triangles are joined together forming boroxole groups. These groups are joined together forming the random network. It is also accepted that addition of alkali oxides to boron oxide results in a glassy network in \
Author: Maryann C. Wythers
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781536105582
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One discusses the properties of functionally graded material produced with additive manufacturing technology. Chapter Two reviews synthetic smectite materials as catalyst precursors and solid base catalysts. Chapter Three reviews current literature on metallic bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) focusing on the development of protective coatings for imparting both corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity to these components. Chapter Four examines layered hydrolyzed EVA films. Chapter Five focuses on the synthesis and characterization of polyphenylenes and their derivatives as well as their applications in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Chapter Six discusses the characterization of thermal conductivity and tool-part thermal resistance in composite processing. Chapter Seven examines the effect of biodeterioration on mechanical properties of hemp natural fiber reinforced composite. Chapter Eight provides a comparative study on the effective properties of equivalent fiber.
Author: Subbiah Alwarappan
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439884277
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 226
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Book Description
Continuously studied since its discovery, graphene offers truly unique opportunities, because unlike most semiconductor systems, its 2D electronic states are not buried deep under the surface and it can be easily accessed directly by tunneling or by other local probes. An in-depth analysis of recent advances in graphene research, Graphene-Based Materials: Science and Technology discusses synthesis, properties, and their important applications in several fields. It examines methods for synthesis of graphene as well as surface characterization, properties, and application in biosensors and energy storage. The book begins with a brief review of the history of graphene and a discussion of its important properties. It then presents the different methods of graphene synthesis available and a brief overview of a few important characterization techniques that distinguishes graphene from its allotropes. The authors detail the applications of graphene in high-speed electronics, field-effect transistors, biosensors, gas-sensors, ultra-capacitors, photonics, optoelectronics, and drug delivery. They conclude with coverage of the toxicity properties of graphene and the future of graphene research. Written by experts with more than a decade of experience in nanotechnology research, the book incorporates the latest literature and findings in the field. Its emphasis on applications, especially biomedical/electrochemical and energy storage applications, sets it apart from other books on this topic. It provides those working in graphene and related materials a resource that helps initiate new thinking.
Author: Ke Lu
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642053181
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
As one of the eighteen field-specific reports comprising the comprehensive scope of the strategic general report of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, this sub-report addresses long-range planning for developing science and technology in the field of advanced materials science. They each craft a roadmap for their sphere of development to 2050. In their entirety, the general and sub-group reports analyze the evolution and laws governing the development of science and technology, describe the decisive impact of science and technology on the modernization process, predict that the world is on the eve of an impending S&T revolution, and call for China to be fully prepared for this new round of S&T advancement. Based on the detailed study of the demands on S&T innovation in China's modernization, the reports draw a framework for eight basic and strategic systems of socio-economic development with the support of science and technology, work out China's S&T roadmaps for the relevant eight basic and strategic systems in line with China's reality, further detail S&T initiatives of strategic importance to China's modernization, and provide S&T decision-makers with comprehensive consultations for the development of S&T innovation consistent with China's reality. Supported by illustrations and tables of data, the reports provide researchers, government officials and entrepreneurs with guidance concerning research directions, the planning process, and investment. Founded in 1949, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the nation's highest academic institution in natural sciences. Its major responsibilities are to conduct research in basic and technological sciences, to undertake nationwide integrated surveys on natural resources and ecological environment, to provide the country with scientific data and consultations for government's decision-making, to undertake government-assigned projects with regard to key S&T problems in the process of socio-economic development, to initiate personnel training, and to promote China's high-tech enterprises through its active engagement in these areas.
