Author: Makio Yamada
Publisher: King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (KFCRIS)
ISBN: 6038206493
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Japan was once a country that suffered from slow progress in its economic diversification away from agriculture. While the country modernized rapidly after 1868, the problem of a skills mismatch between education and industry remained throughout the first half of the 20th century. With a large number of educated but jobless citizens, youth unemployment continued to be a major economic problem. Nevertheless, a few decades later, the country developed a productive workforce harnessing its “youth bulge” demographics and succeeded in building competitive export-oriented manufacturing industries. During the 16 years between 1960 and 1975, in which the country’s GDP per capita grew almost tenfold, Japan achieved a consistent unemployment rate of 1%. This paper analyzes how Japan facilitated an education-to-employment transition of its young citizens, thus realizing the effective allocation of human resources to new industries. It identifies three elements of success in particular, which may offer useful insights to policy-makers in today’s emerging economies who are faced with the problem of unemployment. First, Japan overcame the problem of a skills mismatch not by directly addressing the problem itself, but rather by building a system which brought about the matching of “expectations”. The government created institutional linkages between educational bodies and private firms through the Employment Stabilization Offices. These linkages provided young job-seekers with knowledge of the existing labor demand, and helped them in adjusting their career expectations in accordance with the situations in the labor market, while simultaneously enabling private firms, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to recruit from the workforce across the country. Second, substantial teaching of job-oriented knowledge and skills was carried out by private firms, in the form of in-firm training programs for new and early-career employees. With some exceptions, the Japanese government’s early attempts to develop public industrial education did not succeed because of the absence of mechanisms to feed skills requirements in new industries into school curricula. On the other hand, the government’s support to private firms through training subsidies effectively alleviated the concerns of private firms, especially SMEs, which had been hesitant about investing in training due to their fear that they would be unable to recoup the training costs. Third, while the education sector itself was not sufficiently capable of narrowing the skills mismatch itself, the school curricula nonetheless contributed to the “trainability” of young citizens. In particular, the emphasis on work ethic, through the Confucian idea of kō, or filial piety, imbued children with the virtue of diligence – a belief that working hard is good in itself. This type of education is considered to have created a pool of potentially productive workers, although the harnessing of that potential required economic institutions that offer incentive systems. Finally, the paper discusses whether this Japanese experience is transferable to the context of today’s emerging economies – in particular, Saudi Arabia. It concludes that the Japanese experience can, at least, provide them with useful insights and contribute to the building of the local capacity of “policy learning”. Some policies would appear to be easier to implement today owing to the progress in IT and AI, while other policies are likely to require tailored supportive measures to localize the practices.
Author: Mr. Ippei Shibata
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1484310977
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Book Description
Despite its low unemployment rate, the recent shift in the Japanese Beveridge curve indicates increased labor mismatch. This paper quantifies the age, employment-type (full or part-time), and occupational mismatch in the Japanese labor market following Sahin and others (2013). Between April 2000 and April 2013, the age mismatch has steadily declined while the occupational and employmenttype mismatch has shown a countercyclical pattern, showing a sharp increase during the global financial crisis. Occupational mismatch accounted for approximtely 20-40 percent of the recent rise in the unemployment rate in Japan. The magnitude was comparable to that of the U.K. and the U.S.
Author: Bandar Hezam
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3346817350
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2022 in the subject Economics - Job market economics, , language: English, abstract: The unemployment rate is commonly used for understanding conditions in the labor market. The labor market is the term used by economists about the supply of labor and demand for labor. The unemployment rate also provides on how the economy is performing more generally. Unemployment occurs when someone is willing to work but does not have a job. The unemployment rate is the percentage of people in the labor force who are unemployed. To measure the unemployment rate, it requires to identify the labor force. The labor force includes people who are either employed or unemployed. The number of unemployed in April 2020 was up by 60,000 and the unemployment rate rose to 2.6% percent. It happens that during the pandemic the unemployment rate in Japan has not been as serious as in other advanced countries by averaging just 2.8% percent in 2020 in Japan. Below, the graph shows the statistics for the unemployment rate in Japan from 1999 to 2021. Japan unemployment rate was at level 2.8% in 2021, unchanged from the previous year. Japan is one of the leading countries with economic factors such as agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, and tourism among others. Japan’s GDP per sector is as follows, Services 71.4%, Industry 27.4%, and Agriculture 1.2%. Japan is the third largest economy in the world after the United States and China. Japan is the fourth largest export market after the United States, China, and Germany. Japan has close ties with the United States, European Union, Latin America, Australia, China, and many other countries. Its unemployment rate is lower than other leading countries on level 2.8%. The Japanese hard-working ethics are recognized around the world. It is inseparable from a solid dedication to the organization and to do the job that needs to be done. Competition among coworkers and devotion to the organization are normal and encouraged. The Japanese language even has its own term for sudden death from being exhausted working called "KAROSHI".
Author: Mr.Masato Nakane
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1455212512
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
The Great Recession pushed Japan’s unemployment rate to historic highs, but the increase has been small by international standards and small relative to the large output shock. This paper explores Japan’s cyclical labor market response to the global financial crisis. Our findings suggest that: (i) employment responsiveness has been historically low but rising over time with the increasing importance of the non-regular workforce; (ii) the labor market response was consistent with historical patterns once we control for the size of the output shock; and (iii) the comparatively lower employment response vis-à-vis other countries can in part be explained by the quick implementation of an employment subsidy program, a more flexible wage system, and a corporate governance structure that places workers rights above shareholders.
Author: Akiomi Kitagawa
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811071586
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
This book reappraises the Japanese employment system, characterized by such practices as the periodic recruiting of new graduates, lifetime employment and seniority-based wages, which were praised as sources of high productivity and flexibility for Japanese firms during the period of high economic growth from the middle of the 1950s until the burst of bubbles in the early 1990s. The prolonged stagnation after the bubble burst induced an increasing number of people to criticize the Japanese employment system as a barrier to the structural changes needed to allow the economy to adjust to the new environment, with detractors suggesting that such a system only serves to protect the vested interests of incumbent workers and firms. By investigating what caused the long stagnation of the Japanese economy, this book examines the validity of this currently dominant view about the Japanese employment system. The rigorous theoretical and empirical analyses presented in this book provide readers with deep insights into the nature of the current Japanese labor market and its macroeconomic impacts.
Author: Robert Mason
Publisher: Manchester University Press
ISBN: 152614848X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 210
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Book Description
The year 1973 is usually considered the great equaliser among major oil producers. But the 'Visions' strategies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, a so-called middle power and small state in the Middle East regional system, point to broadening economic relations as a great enhancer of economic power. This book explores the impact of regime type and leadership style on the two countries' foreign policies. It reveals how autonomy and influence, threat perception and alliance patterns are folded into the complex and personal riyal politik and economic statecraft that sit at the core of their international relations.
Author: Yuji Genda
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789811377860
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book is devoted to offering a new concept of non-employment caused by social exclusion. Among labor economic studies, it is the first attempt to investigate the conditions of jobless persons who have completely lost opportunities for daily communication with others. The new concept provided by this book is “solitary non-employed persons (SNEP).” SNEP are defined as non-employed persons who are normally entirely alone or do not spend time with people other than their family. According to a detailed time-use survey in Japan, SNEP make up almost 70 % of single, jobless persons aged 20 to 59. The number of SNEP doubled in the 2000s. As a serious issue for non-employment, economists and sociologists have focused on long-term unemployed persons and persons “not in education, employment, or training” (NEET), which include discouraged persons resigning from work. These serious non-employment issues are attributable to and further aggravated by the isolation experienced by the SNEP. Social withdrawal—that is, the hikikomori who stay indoors—is one notable feature of Japanese youth problems in many cases. Large numbers of the middle-aged jobless Japanese also currently shut themselves in their rooms. The objective approach by the SNEP concept enables us to understand the reality of these withdrawn persons who are now growing in number in many countries. A continuous increase in the number of SNEP will cause several difficulties in society and the economy. SNEP will not make their own livings after the deaths of their families, causing social security costs and financial deficits to further accumulate in the efforts to help them. A shortage of an attractive labor force will accelerate in the future due to the expansion of SNEP within the young and middle-aged populations. This book proposes appropriate policies to prevent an increase in SNEP in such a way as to generate skilled professionals, as well as to reach out and support them. It will contribute to developing studies for jobless people closely involved in social exclusion, and to finding universal and effective solutions for their inclusion.
Author: Mr.Gee Hee Hong
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513519549
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
The Bank of Japan has introduced various unconventional monetary policy tools since the launch of Abenomics in 2013, to achieve the price stability target of 2 percent inflation. In this paper, a forward-looking open-economy general equilibrium model with endogenously determined policy credibility and an effective lower bound is developed for forecasting and policy analysis (FPAS) for Japan. In the model’s baseline scenario, the likelihood of the Bank of Japan reaching its 2 percent inflation target over the medium term is below 40 percent, assuming the absence of other policy reactions aside from monetary policy. The likelihood of achieving the inflation target is even lower under alternative risk scenarios. A positive shock to central bank credibility increases this likelihood, and would require less accommodative macroeconomic policies.
Author: Harald Baum
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 3110908883
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 424
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Book Description
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264093133
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Book Description
OECD's 2011 review of the Japanese economy. This edition includes chapters covering the economic recovery, achieving fiscal stability, Japan's growth strategy to create demand and jobs, education reform in Japan, and labour market reforms to improve ...
